Comparison of the Antioxidant Activity of n-Hexane Extract of Gandaria Stem Bark Using DPPH and ABTS Assays
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30862/accej.v9i1.1268Keywords:
Bouea macrophylla, antioxidant activity, DPPH, ABTS, IC₅₀Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate and compare the antioxidant activity of the n-hexane extract of gandaria (Bouea macrophylla) stem bark using DPPH and ABTS methods. This research was conducted as a laboratory-based quantitative study. The extraction was performed using the maceration method with n-hexane as a solvent, yielding 6.2% extract. Antioxidant activity was determined from IC₅₀ values obtained by linear regression of concentration versus percentage inhibition. The results showed that the n-hexane extract exhibited strong antioxidant activity, with IC₅₀ values of 26.695 ± 0.892 ppm for the DPPH method and 17.28 ± 0.352 ppm for the ABTS method. The lower IC₅₀ value obtained in the ABTS assay indicates a higher radical-scavenging capacity than in the DPPH assay. These differences are likely due to variations in radical types and reaction mechanisms between the two assays. In conclusion, the n-hexane extract of Gandaria stem bark demonstrates strong antioxidant potential. The ABTS method showed greater sensitivity than the DPPH method in evaluating antioxidant activity. These findings suggest that Gandaria stem bark has potential as a natural antioxidant source, and further research is required to elucidate its active constituents.
References
Abuzaid, H., Amin, E., Moawad, A., Usama Ramadan, Abdelmohsen, Hetta, M., & Mohammed1, R. (2020). Liquid Chromatography High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Analysis, Phytochemical and Biological Study of Two Aizoaceae Plants Plants: A New Kaempferol Derivative from Trianthema portulacastrum L. Pharmacognosy Research, 10 (October), 24–30. https://doi.org/10.4103/pr.pr
Adeshina, I., Abdel-Tawwab, M., Tijjani, Z. A., Tiamiyu, L. O., & Jahanbakhshi, A. (2021). Dietary Tridax procumbens leaves extract stimulated growth, antioxidants, immunity, and resistance of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, to monogenean parasitic infection. Aquaculture, 532(August 2020), 736047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.736047
Andina, L., & Musfirah, Y. (2017). Total Phenolic Content of Cortex and Leaves Of Ramania (Bouea macrophylla Griffith) And Antioxidant Activity Assay by DPPH Method. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences, 8(1), 134–140.
da Nóbrega, A. B., Motta Lessa, B. da, Henrique Brasil Bizarri, C., Ribeiro de Paiva, S., & Alves Slana, G. B. C. (2022). Comparison of betulinic acid extraction techniques from Eugenia florida DC (Myrtaeae) leaves. Journal of Applied Biotechnology & Bioengineering, 9(4), 120–125. https://doi.org/10.15406/jabb.2022.09.00298
Eisa, N., Mohamed, A., Ismail, A. A. A., & Eisa, A. (2025). Phytochemical Profiling , Antimicrobial , and Antioxidant Activities of Tamarindus indica Pulp Extracts : A Comprehensive Evaluation. 14(1), 51–56. https://doi.org/10.14421/biomedich.2025.141.51-56
Gündüz, M., Çiçek, Ş. K., & Topuz, S. (2023). Extraction and optimization of phenolic compounds from butterbur plant (Petasites hybridus) by ultrasound-assisted extraction and determination of antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of butterbur extracts. Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 35(December 2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmap.2023.100491
Hardinsyah, H., Windardi, I. P., Aries, M., & Damayanthi, E. (2019). Total phenolic content, quercetin, and antioxidant activity of gandaria (Bouea Macrophylla Griff.) leaf extract at two stages of maturity. Jurnal Gizi Dan Pangan, 14(2), 61–68. https://doi.org/10.25182/jgp.2019.14.2.61-68
Jain, P., Haque, A., Islam, T., Alam, M. A., & Reza, H. M. (2019). Comparative evaluation of Ziziphus mauritiana leaf extracts for phenolic content, antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Journal of Herbs, Spices and Medicinal Plants, 25(3), 236–258. https://doi.org/10.1080/10496475.2019.1600627
Jiangseubchatveera, N., Saechan, C., Petchsomrit, A., Treeyaprasert, T., Leelakanok, N., & Prompanya, C. (2023). Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities of Red Oak, Red Coral and Butterhead. Tropical Life Sciences Research, 34(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.21315/tlsr2023.34.1.1
Kusuma, G. F., Mahardika, R. G., & Sari, F. I. P. (2022). Ekstrak Batang Pelawan (Tristaniopsis merguensis Griff.) sebagai Antibakteri pada Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli. Stannum : Jurnal Sains Dan Terapan Kimia, 4(2), 40–46. https://doi.org/10.33019/jstk.v4i2.3063
Musa, W. J. A., Bialangi, N., & Kilo, A. K. (2025). Evaluation of Polyphenolic Content , Antioxidant and Anti-diabetic Activity of Different Solvent Extracts of Sauauria vulcani Korth . Leaves. 24(2), 1–12.
Musdalipah, M., Tee, S. A., Karmilah, K., Sahidin, S., Fristiohady, A., & Yodha, A. W. M. (2021). Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content, Antioxidant, and Toxicity Test with BSLT of Meistera chinensis Fruit Fraction from Southeast Sulawesi. Borneo Journal of Pharmacy, 4(1), 6–15. https://doi.org/10.33084/bjop.v4i1.1686
Negm El-Dein, S., Hussein, A., Abu-Bakr, M. S., Negm El-Dein, A., Salem, H. M., & Ragab, E. A. (2024). Rutin and luteolin purified from Gerbera jamesonii and Chrysanthemum ‘dante purple’ flowers exert remarkable protection against the enteropathogen, E. coli O78, in poultry. Discover Food, 4(139), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44187-024-00217-1
Nogueira, L. A., Figueiredo, Y. G., Ramos, A. L. C. C., Correia, V. T. da V., Nunes, B. V., Ribeiro, L. V., Franco, A. O., Ferreira, R. B., Sousa, I., Mota, J., Batista-Santos, P., Araújo, R. L. B. de, & Melo, J. O. F. (2022). The Presence of Flavonoids in Some Products and Fruits of the Genus Eugenia: An Integrative Review. Frontiers in Food Science and Technology, 2(May), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/frfst.2022.899492
Roquete Amparo, T., Cherem Peixoto da Silva, A., Brandão Seibert, J., dos Santos da Silva, D., Martins Rebello dos Santos, V., Melo de Abreu Vieira, P., Célio Brandão, G., Henrique Bianco de Souza, G., & Aloise Maneira Corrêa Santos, B. (2022). In vitro and in silico investigation of the photoprotective and antioxidant potential of Protium spruceanum leaves and its main flavonoids. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 431(June 2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114037
Situmeang, B., Bialangi, N., Musa, W. J. A., Kilo, A. K., Widiyanto, H., Susvira, D., & Yulianti, N. (2025). Perbandingan Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Metanol Kulit Batang Gandaria Dengan Metode DPPH dan ABTS. Jurnal Redoks, Jurnal Pendidikan Kimia dan Ilmu Kimia. 8(2), 63–70.
Situmeang, B., Musa, W. J., Mulyadi, A., Ibrahim, A. M., Widiyanto, H., & Bialangi, N. (2024). Perbandingan Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Etil asetat dan Metanol Daun Tumbuhan Matoa (Pometia pinnata). Jurnal Penelitian Sains, 26(1), 65. https://doi.org/10.56064/jps.v26i1.919
Situmeang, B., Swasono, R. T., & Raharjo, T. J. (2024). Antioxidant, Photoprotective, and Cytotoxic Activities of Tristaniopsis merguensis Leaf Fractions With Molecular Docking Study of Potential Fraction. Karbala International Journal of Modern Science, 10(4), 406–417. https://doi.org/10.33640/2405-609X.3365
Situmeang, B., Swasono, R. T., & Raharjo, T. J. (2025). Evaluation of phytochemical composition, antioxidant, cytotoxic and in silico studies of ethyl acetate fractions of Tristaniopsis merguensis leaves. Toxicology Reports, 14(January), 101911. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.101911
Warinthip, N., Liawruangrath, B., Natakankitkul, S., Rannurags, N., Pyne, S. G., & Liawruangrath, S. (2023). Chemical Constituents Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of the Leaves and Flowers from Gardenia carinata Wallich. Natural and Life Sciences Communications, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.12982/NLSC.2023.003
Yakoubi, R., Megateli, S., Hadj Sadok, T., & Gali, L. (2021). Photoprotective, antioxidant, anticholinesterase activities and phenolic contents of different Algerian Mentha pulegium extracts. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 34(May), 102038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102038
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Agus Malik Ibrahim, Dina Alva Prastiwi, Boima Situmeang
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
License and Copyright Agreement
In submitting the manuscript to the journal, the authors certify that:
- They are authorized by their co-authors to enter into these arrangements.
- The work described has not been formally published before, except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture, review, thesis, or overlay journal. Please also carefully read Arfak Chem: Chemistry Education Journal Posting Your Article Policy at http://journalfkipunipa.org/index.php/accej/about
- That it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere,
- That its publication has been approved by all the author(s) and by the responsible authorities – tacitly or explicitly – of the institutes where the work has been carried out.
- They secure the right to reproduce any material that has already been published or copyrighted elsewhere.
- They agree to the following license and copyright agreement.
Copyright
Authors who publish with Arfak Chem: Chemistry Education Journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-ND 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
